#1 - 2019-11-12 22:32
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个人用笔记，多为英文请见谅
第一集 What is Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior.
-Society is a group of people who share a culture and territory.

Sociological perspective
-Seeing the general in the particular.
--Each individual forms a part of pattern. Looking at individual choices, sociologists can see elements of the whole pattern.
-Seeing the strange in the familiar.

Key concepts in the study of sociology
-Social location
--A person's choices will be influence by social location.
--Social location can contribute marginalization of a social group.
-Marginalization
--If a social group is marginalized, it means that it occupies a position outside the centers of power.
-Power and inequality
--Economics
--Political
--Social/Cultural

18~19 Century
-Auguste Comte https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte
-Mass democracy
-Fall of kings
-Rise of the nation-state.
#2 - 2019-11-12 23:44
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第二集  Major Sociological Paradigms
Paradigm
-A set of concepts and theories that frames your perspective on a certain topic
-Theorietical paradigms
--Fundamental assumptions taht sociologist have about the social world.  The one that guild their thinking and research.
--Allscientific disciplines make assumptions about the world and use different perspectives, depending on the questions.

Macro/Micro question
-Macro question = big question
-Micro question = small question

Structural Functionalism (Macro)
Conflict Theory (Macro)
Symbolic Interactionism (Micro)

Structural Functionalism
-Emile Durkheim https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim
-Society is seen as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order.
-Social function
--Manifest
---Intended or obvious consequences of a particular structure.
--Latent
---Unintended or unrecognized consequences of a particular structure.
-Social dysfunction
--Any social pattern that disrupts the smooth operation of society.
-Downside
--Hard to explain why change happen.
--Interpret bad things in society as have positive function.

Conflict Theory
-Different groups that struggle over scarce resources.
-Class-Conflict Theory
--Karl Marx
--Different classes based on their relationships to the means of production.
--Capitalists/Proletariat
-Race-Conflict Theory
--W.E.B. Du Bios https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois
--Social inequaltiy as the result of conflict between different racial and ethnic groups.
-Gender-Conflict Theory

Symbolic Interactionism
-Max Weber https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
-Understaing the shared reality that people create through their interactions.
#3 - 2020-9-8 05:45
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#3 Sociology & the Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
Empirical Evidence
-Verifiable information collected in a systematic way.

Positivism
-Positive Theory
--Object and Fact-Based
-Normative Theory
--Subjective and Value-Based

Positivist Sociology
-Study of society based on systematic observations of social behavior.
-Quantitative research
--Descriptive data
---Data in numerical form
--Qualitative data
---Data not in numerical form

Hawthorne Effect
-Observation might change behavior
-Elton Mayo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Mayo

Interpretive Sociology
-Focus on meanings that people attach to their social world.
-Values
--Ideas that person has about what's good, and the attitude they hold towards the world works.

Critical Sociology
-The study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
--Jane Addams, Hull House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams
#4 - 2020-9-8 06:29
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#4 Sociology Research Methods
Research Method
-A systematic plan for gathering and analyzing observations about the world.

Concept
-Concepts need to be defined.

Hypothesis
-A statement of a possible relationship between two variables.

Operationalize: define the exact variable and how to measure it.
-Measurement
--Put a value on the variable.

Variable
-Independent variable
--the variable that affecting the change.
-Dependent variable
--variable that affected by the independent variable.

Correlation
-Multiple variables move together.

How sociologist collecting data
-Experiment
-Survey
-Participant Observation
--Ethnography
--Alice Goffman On the Run https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Goffman
-Existing Resources

Inductive logical thought
-Use observation to build the theory, then using data to form the idea of how the world works.
Deductive logical thought
-Use the theory to inform the hypothesis, then collecting data to test the theory.
#5 - 2020-9-8 07:04
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#5 Émile Durkheim on Suicide & Society
Structural Functionalism (#2)
Suicide https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(Durkheim_book)

Social fact
-Consist of manners of acting, thinking, and feeling external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him.
-Social cohesion
--Common consciousness
---Social facts in the given society

Social dysfunction
-Something that impedes the normal function of society.
-Always has some structural causes

Suicide
-Lack of social integration causing high suicide rate.
-Traditional Europe are highly socially integrated
-Modern society leads to weaker common consciousness and a less intense communal life.
-Strengthen social organizations to improve social integration.
#6 - 2020-9-8 07:30
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#6 Karl Marx & Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory (#2)

Natural constraint
-Primitive communism
Social constraint
-Feudalism
-Capitalism

Historical Materialism
-Superstructure
--Structure that builds society

Modes of production
-Forces of production
--the technical, scientific and material parts of the economy.
-Relation of production
--How people organize themselves around labor.

Classes
-Proletariat
--Do not control means of production
-Bourgeoisie
--Own the means of production

Surplus
-Crisis of overproduction
--The forces of the production run up against the limits created by the relations of production.

Theory of Hegemony
-The ruling class stays in power through hegemonic culture. A dominant set of ideas that are all-pervasive and taken for granted in a society.
-Antonio Gramsci https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci
#7 - 2020-9-8 08:23
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#7 Dubois & Race Conflict
W.E.B Dubois (#2)
Race conflict theory

Race
-Socially constructed category of people, who share biological traits that society has deemed important.
-Double-consciousness

Racial identity theory
-How individuals come to identify as a certain race.

Racial formation theory
-The process through which social, political, and economic forces influence how a society defines racial categories.

Racism without racist
-Structural racism

Racial resistance
-How do different racial groups challenge and change the structures of power
#8 - 2020-9-8 08:39
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#8 Harriet Martineau & Gender Conflict Theory
Gender-conflict theory
Harriet Martineau https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Martineau

Feminism
-The support for social equality among genders.

Patriarchy
-A form of social organization in which institutional structures are dominated by men.

First feminism waves
-Suffrage
--Women's rights movement

Second feminism waves
-Female participation in the labor force, equal pay, reproductive rights, sexual violence, educational equality, and divorce right.

Third feminism waves
-Intersectionality
--Analysis of how race, class, and gender interact to create systems of disadvantages that are interdependent.
#9 - 2020-9-8 09:10
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#9 Max Weber & Modernity
Max Weber https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber

Rationalization
Bureaucracy
Social stratification

Traditionalism
-The world has a basic order, and that order is the way things ought to be.
-Traditional legitimacy

Rationalization
-Calculability
--If we know the inputs, we can know the outputs.
-Methodical behavior
--The procedure that ensures the calculability
-Reflexivity
--Thinking of the thing-doing

The Protestant Reformation
-Personal responsibility
--John Calvin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin
---Predestination
-It transformed a communal, traditional society to an individualistic, capitalist society.

Bureaucracy
-Composed of a hierarchy of positions with an extremely clear chain of command.
-Bureaucrats work impersonally.

Legal-rational legitimacy
-A belief in the system itself. Basically, the person follows the rules.

Charismatic legitimacy
-Follow the rules of a charismatic leader because of the extraordinary characteristic of that person.

Social Stratification
-People in society are divided according to the power they hold.
-Class
-Political parties, groups that seek social power
-Status groups, defined by social honor

Society might lose the ability of Reflexivity during radicalization

Symbolic interactionist paradigm
#10 - 2020-12-14 15:35
dhzy
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#11 - 2022-9-2 15:59
Barpo
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