莫非sociological relativism就是这个意思.....作者刚好提了一句，虽然他说也不一定对，心理学很多理论都是在互怼。
“In trying to avoid the errors of biological and metaphysical concepts we must not succumb to an equally grave error, that of a sociological relativism in which man is nothing but a puppet, directed by the strings of social circumstances. Man’s inalienable rights of freedom and happiness are founded in inherent human qualities: his striving to live, to expand and to express the potentialities that have developed in him in the process of historical evolution.”
读书会
公民的道德水准高的时候，他们会关心他人，愿意为共和国的存续和繁荣贡献力量，公民参与政治除了为自己的利益，也为了公共利益。但是当公民对自身利益的关心远大于公共利益的时候，则政治效率低下，选出来的执政官也往往品行不佳，不起积极作用。但如果是君主制下，民众腐败与否的影响相对较小，只要君主足够有权威……当民众腐败之后，只能由少数有道德和能力的人来改善这种状况，比如优秀的君主、贵族或者好运选出来的优秀的执政官，风气一旦形成是不可能靠民众自己解决的。
我印象里马基雅维利是这么说的……十年前看的了，记得不一定对
“In trying to avoid the errors of biological and metaphysical concepts we must not succumb to an equally grave error, that of a sociological relativism in which man is nothing but a puppet, directed by the strings of social circumstances. Man’s inalienable rights of freedom and happiness are founded in inherent human qualities: his striving to live, to expand and to express the potentialities that have developed in him in the process of historical evolution.”
中世纪的阶级制，农民的儿子是农民，商人的儿子是商人，工匠的儿子是工匠，而且同行内几乎没有竞争（因为那时资本主义还没兴起，运作模式有点像现在的国企...），一辈子都已经定死了，但也安全稳定。
新制度下，虽然大家都很自由，可以自由择业，人生可以自己规划，但也有失业，破产等很多不确定因素。人们倾向于放弃自由，选择依附于权威的实体（比如国企，公务员